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de:lib:authors:bodhi:bps-essay_43 [2019/09/03 09:41] – div at end removed Johannde:lib:authors:bodhi:bps-essay_43 [2022/03/14 17:13] (aktuell) – media link Johann
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 +
 +====== Anicca Vata Sankhara ======
 +<span hide>Anicca Vata Sankhara</span>
 +
 +Summary: 
 +
 +
 +<div #h_meta>
 +
 +
 +
 +<div #h_doctitle>Anicca Vata Sankhara</div>
 +
 +<div #h_docby>von</div>
 +
 +<div #h_docauthor>Bhikkhu Bodhi</div>
 +
 +<div #h_docauthortransinfo>Übersetzung ins Deutsche von:</div>
 +
 +<div #h_docauthortrans>noch keine vorhanden, möchten Sie ihre teilen?   [[http://sangham.net/index.php?action=post;topic=747.0|{{de:img:letter.jpg?30}}]]</div>
 +
 +<div #h_docauthortransalt>Alternative Übersetzung: [[|noch keine vorhanden]]</div>
 +
 +<div #h_copyright>[[#f_termsofuse|{{de:img:d2.png?16x18}}]][[#f_termsofuse| 2005-2018]]</div>
 +
 +<div #h_altformat>Alternative Formate: {{de/lib/authors/bodhi/bps-essay_43.pdf?linkonly}} (??pages/73KB)</div>
 +
 +</div>
 +
 +<div #h_homage>
 +
 +<div #homagetext>[[de:homage|-  Namo tassa bhagavato arahato sammā-sambuddhassa  -]]</div>
 +
 +<div navigation></div>
 +
 +</div>
 +
 +<span #h_content_untranslated></span>
 +
 +//Anicca vata sankhara// — "Impermanent, alas, are all formations!" — is the phrase used in Theravada Buddhist lands to announce the death of a loved one, but I have not quoted this line here in order to begin an obituary. I do so simply to introduce the subject of this essay, which is the word //sankhara// itself. Sometimes a single Pali word has such rich implications that merely to sit down and draw them out can shed as much light on the Buddha's teaching as a long expository article. This is indeed the case with the word //sankhara.// The word stands squarely at the heart of the Dhamma, and to trace its various strands of meaning is to get a glimpse into the Buddha's own vision of reality.
 +
 +The word //sankhara// is derived from the prefix //sam,// meaning "together," joined to the noun //kara,// "doing, making." //Sankharas// are thus "co-doings," things that act in concert with other things, or things that are made by a combination of other things. Translators have rendered the word in many different ways: formations, confections, activities, processes, forces, compounds, compositions, fabrications, determinations, synergies, constructions. All are clumsy attempts to capture the meaning of a philosophical concept for which we have no exact parallel, and thus all English renderings are bound to be imprecise. I myself use "formations" and "volitional formations," aware this choice is as defective as any other.
 +
 +However, though it is impossible to discover an exact English equivalent for //sankhara,// by exploring its actual usage we can still gain insight into how the word functions in the "thought world" of the Dhamma. In the suttas the word occurs in three major doctrinal contexts. One is in the twelvefold formula of dependent origination //(paticca-samuppada),// where the //sankharas// are the second link in the series. They are said to be conditioned by ignorance and to function as a condition for consciousness. Putting together statements from various suttas, we can see that the //sankharas// are the kammically active volitions responsible for generating rebirth and thus for sustaining the onward movement of //samsara,// the round of birth and death. In this context //sankhara// is virtually synonymous with //kamma,// a word to which it is etymologically akin.
 +
 +The suttas distinguish the //sankharas// active in dependent origination into three types: bodily, verbal, and mental. Again, the //sankharas// are divided into the meritorious, demeritorious, and "imperturbable," i.e., the volitions present in the four formless meditations. When ignorance and craving underlie our stream of consciousness, our volitional actions of body, speech, and mind become forces with the capacity to produce results, and of the results they produce the most significant is the renewal of the stream of consciousness following death. It is the //sankharas,// propped up by ignorance and fueled by craving, that drive the stream of consciousness onward to a new mode of rebirth, and exactly where consciousness becomes established is determined by the kammic character of the //sankharas.// If one engages in meritorious deeds, the //sankharas// or volitional formations will propel consciousness toward a happy sphere of rebirth. If one engages in demeritorious deeds, the //sankharas// will propel consciousness toward a miserable rebirth. And if one masters the formless meditations, these "imperturbable" //sankharas// will propel consciousness toward rebirth in the formless realms.
 +
 +A second major domain where the word //sankharas// applies is among the five aggregates. The fourth aggregate is the //sankhara-khandha,// the aggregate of volitional formations. The texts define the //sankhara-khandha// as the six classes of volition //(cha cetanakaya):// volition regarding forms, sounds, smells, tastes, tactile objects, and ideas. Though these //sankharas// correspond closely to those in the formula of dependent origination, the two are not in all respects the same, for the //sankhara-khandha// has a wider range. The aggregate of volitional formations comprises //all// kinds of volition. It includes not merely those that are kammically potent, but also those that are kammic results and those that are kammically inoperative. In the later Pali literature the //sankhara-khandha// becomes an umbrella category for all the factors of mind except feeling and perception, which are assigned to aggregates of their own. Thus the //sankhara-khandha// comes to include such ethically variable factors as contact, attention, thought, and energy; such wholesome factors as generosity, kindness, and wisdom; and such unwholesome factors as greed, hatred, and delusion. Since all these factors arise in conjunction with volition and participate in volitional activity, the early Buddhist teachers decided that the most fitting place to assign them is the aggregate of volitional formations.
 +
 +The third major domain in which the word //sankhara// occurs is as a designation for all conditioned things. In this context the word has a passive derivation, denoting whatever is formed by a combination of conditions; whatever is conditioned, constructed, or compounded. In this sense it might be rendered simply "formations," without the qualifying adjective. As bare formations, //sankharas// include all five aggregates, not just the fourth. The term also includes external objects and situations such as mountains, fields, and forests; towns and cities; food and drink; jewelry, cars, and computers.
 +
 +The fact that //sankharas// can include both active forces and the things produced by them is highly significant and secures for the term its role as the cornerstone of the Buddha's philosophical vision. For what the Buddha emphasizes is that the //sankharas// in the two active senses — the volitional formations operative in dependent origination, and the kammic volitions in the fourth aggregate — construct the //sankharas// in the passive sense: "They construct the conditioned; therefore they are called volitional formations. And what are the conditioned things they construct? They construct the body, feeling, perception, volitional formations, and consciousness; therefore they are called volitional formations" (SN XXII.79).
 +
 +Though external inanimate things may arise from purely physical causes, the //sankharas// that make up our personal being — the five aggregates — are all products of the kammically active //sankharas// that we engaged in our previous lives. In the present life as well the five aggregates are constantly being maintained, refurbished, and extended by the volitional activity we engage in now, which again becomes a condition for future existence. Thus, the Buddha teaches, it was our own kammically formative //sankharas// that built up our present edifice of personal being, and it is our present formative //sankharas// that are now building up the edifices of personal being we will inhabit in our future lives. These edifices consist of nothing other than //sankharas// as conditioned things, the conditioned formations comprised in the five aggregates.
 +
 +The most important fact to understand about //sankharas,// as conditioned formations, is that they are all impermanent: "Impermanent, alas, are formations." They are impermanent not only in the sense that in their gross manifestations they will eventually come to an end, but even more pointedly because at the subtle, subliminal level they are constantly undergoing rise and fall, forever coming into being and then, in a split second, breaking up and perishing: "Their very nature is to arise and vanish." For this reason the Buddha declares that all //sankharas// are suffering //(sabbe sankhara dukkha)// — suffering, however, not because they are all actually painful and stressful, but because they are stamped with the mark of transience. "Having arisen they then cease," and because they all cease they cannot provide stable happiness and security.
 +
 +To win complete release from suffering — not only from experiencing suffering, but from the unsatisfactoriness intrinsic to all conditioned existence — we must gain release from //sankharas.// And what lies beyond the //sankharas// is that which is not constructed, not put together, not compounded. This is Nibbana, accordingly called the Unconditioned — //asankhata// — the opposite of what is //sankhata,// a word which is the passive participle corresponding to //sankhara.// Nibbana is called the Unconditioned precisely because it's a state that is neither itself a //sankhara// nor constructed by //sankharas;// a state described as //visankhara,// "devoid of formations," and as //sabbasankhara-samatha,// "the stilling of all formations."
 +
 +Thus, when we put the word //sankhara// under our microscope, we see compressed within it the entire worldview of the Dhamma. The active //sankharas// consisting in kammically active volitions perpetually create the //sankhara// of the five aggregates that constitute our being. As long as we continue to identify with the five aggregates (the work of ignorance) and to seek enjoyment in them (the work of craving), we go on spewing out the volitional formations that build up future combinations of aggregates. Just that is the nature of //samsara:// an unbroken procession of empty but efficient //sankharas// producing still other //sankharas,// riding up in fresh waves with each new birth, swelling to a crest, and then crashing down into old age, illness, and death. Yet on it goes, shrouded in the delusion that we're really in control, sustained by an ever-tantalizing, ever receding hope of final satisfaction.
 +
 +When, however, we take up the practice of the Dhamma, we apply a brake to this relentless generation of //sankharas.// We learn to see the true nature of the //sankharas,// of our own five aggregates: as unstable, conditioned processes rolling on with no one in charge. Thereby we switch off the engine driven by ignorance and craving, and the process of kammic construction, the production of active //sankharas,// is effectively deconstructed. By putting an end to the constructing of conditioned reality, we open the door to what is ever-present but not constructed, not conditioned: the //asankhata-dhatu,// the unconditioned element. This is Nibbana, the Deathless, the stilling of volitional activities, the final liberation from all conditioned formations and thus from impermanence and death. Therefore our verse concludes: "The subsiding of formations is blissful!"
 +
 +<span #h_content_end></span>
 +
 +<div #f_footer>
 +
 +<div showmore>
 +<div #f_colophon>
 +<div #f_publisherColophon>**Anmerkung des Herausgebers**
 +
 +Die [[http://www.bps.lk|Buddhist Publication Society]] ist eine anerkannte Wohlfahrtseinrichtung, die zum Ziel hat, die Lehre des Buddha zu verbreiten, welche eine wichtige Botschaft für Angehörige aller Glaubensrichtungen enthält.
 +
 +Seit ihrer Gründung im Jahre 1958 hat die BPS eine große Auswahl an Büchern und Broschüren über eine weite Themenpalette veröffentlicht. Unter den Veröffentlichungen finden sich sowohl sorgfältige, mit Anmerkungen versehene Übersetzungen von Reden des Buddha und Standard-Nachschlagewerke, als auch Originale von zeitgenössischen Darlegungen des buddhistischen Denkens und Übens. Diese Schriften stellen den Buddhismus so dar, wie er wahrhaft ist -- eine dynamische Kraft, die seit 2500 Jahren aufnahmefähige Geister beeinflusst hat und heutzutage noch genauso aktuell ist wie zu der Zeit ihres ersten Entstehens.
 +
 +Buddhist Publication Society\\
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 +<div #f_newcopyrightsymbol>[[#top| ]]</div>
 +<div #f_provenance>**Herkunft:**
 +<div #f_sourceCopy>Quelle dieser Arbeit ist die Gabe mit der Access to Insight "Offline Edition 2012.09.10.14", letztmaliger Abgleich 12. März 2013, großzügig geteilt von John Bullitt und angeführt als: ©1999 Buddhist Publication Society.</div>
 +
 +<div #f_sourceCopy_translation></div>
 +
 +<div #f_sourceEdition></div>
 +
 +<div #f_sourceTitle>BPS Newsletter Leitbeitrag Nr. 43 (3<sup>rd</sup> mailing, 1999).</div>
 +
 +<div #f_atiCopy>Diese Ausgabe von Zugang zur Einsicht ist [[de:dhamma-dana|{{de:img:d2.png?8}}]]2013 (ATI 2005–2013).</div>
 +
 +<div f_zzecopy>Übersetzungen, Publizierungen, Änderungen und Ergänzungen liegen im Verantwortungsbereich von //Zugang zur Einsicht//.</div>
 +
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 +
 +<div #f_termsofuse>**Umfang des Dhamma-Geschenkes: **Sie sind eingeladen, dieses Dhamma-Geschenk hier, und Ihre Verdienste damit, neben der eigenen Verwendung auch wieder als Dhamma-Geschenk zu vervielfachen (Anumodana) und in jedes dafür passende Medium zu kopieren, es umzuformatieren, zu drucken, publizieren und zu verteilen, vorausgesetzt: (1) Sie machen Kopien usw. verfügbar, //ohne eine Gegenleistung// zu verlangen, und im Fall des Druckes, keine größere Menge als 50 Kopien; (2) Sie kennzeichnen klar, daß jedes Ergebnis aus dieser Arbeit (inkl. Übersetzungen) aus diesem Dokument stammt; und (3) Sie fügen diesen hier angeführten "Umfang des Dhamma-Geschenkes" jeder Kopie oder Abwandlung aus diesem Werk bei. Alles, was darüber hinaus geht, ist hier nicht gegeben. Für eine ausführliche Erklärung, siehe [[de:faq#copyright|FAQ]].</div>
 +
 +<div #f_citation>**Wie das Dokument anzuführen ist** (ein Vorschlag): "Anicca Vata Sankhara", vom Ehrw. Bhikkhu Bodhi. //Access to Insight//, 16 Juni 2011, [[http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/bodhi/bps-essay_43.html|http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/bodhi/bps-essay_43.html]] . Übernommen am 12 März 2013 (Offline Edition 2012.09.10.14), wiederveröffentlicht von //Zugang zur Einsicht// auf 
 +<script  type="text/javascript">document.write(location.href);</script> Zitat entnommen am:
 +"date"</div>
 +
 +<div #f_alt-formats>**Alternative Formate: {{de/lib/authors/bodhi/bps-essay_43.pdf?linkonly}} (??pages/73KB)**</div>
 +
 +</div>
 +</div>
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 +
 +----
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