➥ pahāna:¹⁾ 'overcoming', abandoning. There are 5 kinds of overcoming: (1) overcoming by repression (vikkhambhana-pahāna), i.e. the temporary suspension of the 5 hindrances (see nīvaraṇa) during the absorptions, (2) overcoming by the opposite (tadaṅga-pahāna), (3) overcoming by destruction (samuccheda-pahāna), (4) overcoming by tranquillization (paṭipassaddhi-pahāna), (5) overcoming by escape (nissaraṇa-pahāna).

(1) “Among these, 'overcoming by repression' is the pushing back of adverse things, such as the 5 mental hindrances (nīvaraṇa q.v), etc., through this or that mental concentration (see samādhi), just as a pot thrown into moss-clad water pushes the moss aside….

(2) ”'Overcoming by the opposite' is the overcoming by opposing this or that thing that is to be overcome, by this or that factor of knowledge belonging to insight (vipassanā), just as a lighted lamp dispels the darkness of the night. In this way, the personality-belief (sakkāyadiṭṭhi, see diṭṭhi) is overcome by determining the mental and corporeal phenomena … the view of uncausedness of existence by investigation into the conditions… the idea of eternity by contemplation of impermanency … the idea of happiness by contemplation of misery….

(3) “If through the knowledge of the noble path (see ariyapuggala) the fetters and other evil things cannot continue any longer, just like a tree destroyed by lightning, then such an overcoming is called 'overcoming by destruction' ” (Visuddhi Magga XXII, 110f.).

(4) When, after the disappearing of the fetters at the entrance into the paths, the fetters, from the moment of fruition (phala) onwards, are forever extinct and stilled, such overcoming is called the 'overcoming by tranquillization'.

(5) “The 'overcoming by escape' is identical with the extinction and Nibbāna” Paṭisambhidāmagga I. 27