Dukkha []

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====== Dukkha ======
<span hide>Dukkha</span>

Summary: 


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<div #h_doctitle>Dukkha</div>

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No single English word adequately captures the full depth, range, and subtlety of the crucial Pali term //dukkha.// Over the years, many translations of the word have been used ("stress," "unsatisfactoriness," "suffering," etc.). Each has its own merits in a given context. There is value in not letting oneself get too comfortable with any one particular translation of the word, since the entire thrust of Buddhist practice is the broadening and deepening of one's understanding of dukkha until its roots are finally exposed and eradicated once and for all. One helpful rule of thumb: as soon as you think you've found the single best translation for the word, think again: for no matter how you describe dukkha, it's always deeper, subtler, and more unsatisfactory than that.

===== The definition =====

<div excerpt>"[[en:tipitaka:sut:sn:sn12:sn12.002.than#birth|Birth]] is dukkha, [[en:tipitaka:sut:sn:sn12:sn12.002.than#aging|aging]] is dukkha, [[en:tipitaka:sut:sn:sn12:sn12.002.than#aging|death]] is dukkha; sorrow, lamentation, pain, grief, & despair are dukkha; association with the unbeloved is dukkha; separation from the loved is dukkha; not getting what is wanted is dukkha. In short, the five clinging-aggregates are dukkha."
<cite> [[en:tipitaka:sut:sn:sn56:sn56.011.than|SN 56.11]]</cite>
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===== Sariputta's elaboration =====

<div excerpt>//[Ven. Sariputta:]// "Now what, friends, is the noble truth of stress? Birth is stressful, aging is stressful, death is stressful; sorrow, lamentation, pain, distress, & despair are stressful; association with the unbeloved is stressful; separation from the loved is stressful; not getting what is wanted is stressful. In short, the five clinging-aggregates are stressful.

"And what is //birth?// Whatever birth, taking birth, descent, coming-to-be, coming-forth, appearance of aggregates, & acquisition of [sense] spheres of the various beings in this or that group of beings, that is called birth.

"And what is //aging?// Whatever aging, decrepitude, brokenness, graying, wrinkling, decline of life-force, weakening of the faculties of the various beings in this or that group of beings, that is called aging.

"And what is //death?// Whatever deceasing, passing away, breaking up, disappearance, dying, death, completion of time, break up of the aggregates, casting off of the body, interruption in the life faculty of the various beings in this or that group of beings, that is called death.

"And what is //sorrow?// Whatever sorrow, sorrowing, sadness, inward sorrow, inward sadness of anyone suffering from misfortune, touched by a painful thing, that is called sorrow.

"And what is //lamentation?// Whatever crying, grieving, lamenting, weeping, wailing, lamentation of anyone suffering from misfortune, touched by a painful thing, that is called lamentation.

"And what is //pain?// Whatever is experienced as bodily pain, bodily discomfort, pain or discomfort born of bodily contact, that is called pain.

"And what is //distress?// Whatever is experienced as mental pain, mental discomfort, pain or discomfort born of mental contact, that is called distress.

"And what is //despair?// Whatever despair, despondency, desperation of anyone suffering from misfortune, touched by a painful thing, that is called despair.

"And what is the stress of //association with the unbeloved?// There is the case where undesirable, unpleasing, unattractive sights, sounds, aromas, flavors, or tactile sensations occur to one; or one has connection, contact, relationship, interaction with those who wish one ill, who wish for one's harm, who wish for one's discomfort, who wish one no security from the yoke. This is called the stress of association with the unbeloved.

"And what is the stress of //separation from the loved?// There is the case where desirable, pleasing, attractive sights, sounds, aromas, flavors, or tactile sensations do not occur to one; or one has no connection, no contact, no relationship, no interaction with those who wish one well, who wish for one's benefit, who wish for one's comfort, who wish one security from the yoke, nor with one's mother, father, brother, sister, friends, companions, or relatives. This is called the stress of separation from the loved.

"And what is the stress of //not getting what is wanted?// In beings subject to birth, the wish arises, 'O, may we not be subject to birth, and may birth not come to us.' But this is not to be achieved by wanting. This is the stress of not getting what is wanted. In beings subject to aging... illness... death... sorrow, lamentation, pain, distress, & despair, the wish arises, 'O, may we not be subject to aging... illness... death... sorrow, lamentation, pain, distress, & despair, and may aging... illness... death... sorrow, lamentation, pain, distress, & despair not come to us.' But this is not to be achieved by wanting. This is the stress of not getting what is wanted.
<cite> [[en:tipitaka:sut:mn:mn.141.than|MN 141]]</cite>
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===== A contemporary definition: =====

<div excerpt>Dukkha is:

Disturbance, irritation, dejection, worry, despair, fear, dread, anguish, anxiety; vulnerability, injury, inability, inferiority; sickness, aging, decay of body and faculties, senility; pain/pleasure; excitement/boredom; deprivation/excess; desire/frustration, suppression; longing/aimlessness; hope/hopelessness; effort, activity, striving/repression; loss, want, insufficiency/satiety; love/lovelessness, friendlessness; dislike, aversion/attraction; parenthood/childlessness; submission/rebellion; decision/indecisiveness, vacillation, uncertainty.
<cite> Francis Story in //Suffering,// in Vol. II of //The Three Basic Facts of Existence// (Kandy: Buddhist Publication Society, 1983)</cite>
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===== Only dukkha =====

<div excerpt>"Both formerly & now, it is only dukkha that I describe, and [[..:sacca3:index|the cessation of dukkha]]."
<cite> [[en:tipitaka:sut:sn:sn22:sn22.086.than|SN 22.86]]</cite>
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===== Three kinds of dukkha =====

<div excerpt>"There are these three forms of stressfulness, my friend: the stressfulness of pain, the stressfulness of fabrication, the stressfulness of change. These are the three forms of stressfulness."

...

[Jambukhadika the wanderer:] "What is the path, what is the practice for the full comprehension of these forms of stressfulness?"

"Precisely this Noble Eightfold Path, my friend — [[..:sacca4:samma-ditthi:index|right view]], [[..:sacca4:samma-sankappo:index|right resolve]], [[..:sacca4:samma-vaca:index|right speech]], [[..:sacca4:samma-kammanto:index|right action]], [[..:sacca4:samma-ajivo:index|right livelihood]], [[..:sacca4:samma-vayamo:index|right effort]], [[..:sacca4:samma-sati:index|right mindfulness]], [[..:sacca4:samma-samadhi:index|right concentration]]. This is the path, this is the practice for the full comprehension of these forms of stressfulness."
<cite> [[en:tipitaka:sut:sn:sn38:sn38.014.than|SN 38.14]]</cite>
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<span seealso>See also: [[..:sacca1:index|First Noble Truth]]</span>

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